CRIMINAL JUSTICE Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CRIMINAL JUSTICE - Term Paper Example II. It is also very important to understand the idea of victim in relationship to a hate crime.. A. According to Altheide and Coyle (2006) â€Å"Victims are but the personal side of crisis; a crisis is where victims reside. A personal crisis may affect ‘one victim’, but more generally ‘crisis’ refers to ‘social crisis’, involving numerous people. All take place in a time of fear. All of this requires that citizens have information and constant reminders of the pitfalls and hazards of life, whether potential or realized† (p. 289). B. The Anti-Hate Crime Movement began in the 1960s, but it has taken decades to make it a relevant social issue (Jenness & Grattet, 2004). III. As well, education about other cultures has allowed children to start seeing the beauty in difference rather than fearing it. A. Perry, Levin, Iganski, Blazak, and Lawrence (2009) discuss education of children in a globalized world in order to end prejudices as an investm ent into the future. B. The problem is continued as teachers are not prepared to understand or handle the problems that come from biased bullying and they do not know how to react when they see it or are told about it (Perry, Levin, Iganski, Blazak and Lawrence, 2010). ... Hate crimes can come from many different types of prejudice including gender, the color of skin, sexual orientation, and political differences. One of the greatest influences over the development of hate for people with differences from one’s self is through family built hatreds that sometimes go back for many generations. Although hate crimes have declined in the last few decades, there are still an alarming number in the United States. Decreasing the number of hate crimes happens over generations of decreasing the amount of prejudice in families, but other ways of stopping them can help to provide a quicker end to the problems. One of the ways in which the American government has approached hate crimes is through making the criminal offense carry a deeper sentence when it is associated or caused by hatred that is based on social ideas about classifying others. Teaching students about the differences of other cultures also helps to deter them from having prejudicial ideas tha t might lead to violence later in life. Abolishing ignorance about other cultures is a powerful way in which to approach the issue of hate crimes. An examination of hate crimes can help to understand why they are still occurring and to develop strategies through which a lower number of them will occur within the United States. To understand what a hate crime is first must be done through defining the topic. A hate crime is a crime that is committed because one individual hates something that another individual represents to them. As an example, the ideas that someone has about the Asian culture might provoke them to commit a crime against someone who is Asian. Stereotypes and profiling are two of the ways in which people evaluate others in order to

Academic Honesty Essay Example for Free

Academic Honesty Essay We can identify some forms of academic dishonesty as, copied exams, this implies to turn and see another students test, receiving or giving verbal and / or nonverbal, change the tests, hiding notes, or modification of quizzes. It can also occur in tasks, jobs and projects. It is possible to pass the task among students, falsify data, lack of contribution to a team, and hire someone to make their work. Other types can be present even with bribes or threats against the teacher. Through the plagiarism, the student gives the impression that you cannot learn or that do not want to learn. Also, you may not have a good relationship between student and teacher. The love of learning is the most effective strategy to combat academic dishonesty. Below are some reasons for plagiarism: Reduced interest in learning Plagiarism is easy to do Many students are more interested in the grade than in the learning process They are busy working or doing other things Non appreciation of the knowledge Why is Academic Dishonesty Happening? Society has communicated the concept that students need to acquire a degree for future employment, financial security, and personal reasons (Choi, 2009; Cohen ; Brawer, 2003; McCabe, Butterfield, ; Trevino, 2006). And students often believe they will receive higher salaries from future employers if they have exceptional grades throughout their college careers (Norton, Tilley, Newstead, ; Franklyn-Stokes, 2001). This is a reality that plenty of students are living. Plenty of them are lucky enough like me, to get the job they’ve always wanted before they earn a degree. â€Å"Indeed, plagiarism and cheating are reflections of the need to get good grades at all cost; and, they continue to be serious problems in academia† (Danielsen, Simon, ; Pavlick, 2006; Fontana, 2009; Lipka, 2009; McCabe, 2009; McCabe et al. , 2006; Rosamond, 2002; Wilkerson, 2009). This is causing that some –early professionals- just try their best to rush their way into a degree without paying any attention to their assignments. In the beginning it was like that for me because honestly, I felt I was not learning anything. My reality was that I learned â€Å"everything† in the field. But soon enough I realized that college is not necessarily the place to learn specific topics, is the place where you were how to manage your knowledge and put it in the best use. At the end of the day academic dishonesty is a behavior that makes students gain an unfair advantage and it need to be avoid. â€Å"The risk of plagiarism in academic settings can be reduced by not setting the same essay every year. Burnard (2002) reflected on the possibility of plagiarism extending beyond coursework essays to dissertations. He felt that written examinations may reduce the problem (Burnard 2002). Doing our job correctly will guaranty that we learn in the process and also that we will get the grade we worked for. In my case, I am writing this paper because due to wrong quotation, it was understood that used someone else information as mine. In order to avoid this in the future, students have to make sure to follow the guidelines when it comes to proper citation. It very important to have credit to whom deserves it, and that’s why double checking and practicing the properly citation its key in order to have a clean paper. Now, we have to be clear that any material that is consider as common knowledge does not have to be cited. Also, field-specific common knowledge does not need citation unless it contains facts from a specific source. As I mentioned, my case was because of wrong citing, but at the end of the day the consequences are the same as of a student stealing information an using it for an assignment. Professors take this very seriously because it is not fair to the students who spend hours working. This is superior work, wrote a professor on a students paper. It was excellent when Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote it, just as it is today. Saint Thomas gets an A. You get an F (Alschuler and Blimling 1995, p. 123). We must understand that dishonesty in the classroom is a serious issue, it is not just a cheating situation, it is considered for some professionals as a crime that deserves a penalty. Plagiarism can be done very easily, and it can even happen when proper citation has been done. Another way to avoid plagiarism, could be by paraphrasing and adding the name of the author; for example: â€Å"According to Carlos Santana, guitars became famous in † it is a way of giving credit and making your sentences flow in a better way. I will conclude this paper by saying that we all know what plagiarism is, by this I mean that every single student know what is good and bad and academic dishonest will end when we start being honest with ourselves, our instructors and why not, also our classmates. It is true that at time it can be difficult to complete certain assignments, but there is nothing that can’t be fixed with communication. Sending an email to out instructor or asking for help will make the learning experience better and will guide us away from plagiarizing a document. Reference: Choi, Cohen, and Brawer. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. N. p. : n. p. , 2012. Print Burnard P. All your own work? Essays and the internet. Nurse Education Today. 22, 3, 187-188. (2002) Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. Springfield, Mass. Merriam-Webster, Inc. ; 2003:946.

A Man For All Seasons :: essays research papers

What characteristics should a hero possess? There is no particular answer to this question since one can be considered a ordinary person even he actually commits his whole life to the people or even sacrifices his own life for the people while one can considered a hero by contributing a benefit to the people. In the epic poem "Beowulf", the main character Beowulf is considered a hero by the people because he is courageous, intelligent, and physically stalwart. A fictional character can easily be honored as a hero because it is only the author's assignment to make up a character that has one or some of the traits that will quality for a hero. However, being able to find a hero that really exists in the real world is a difficult task since a person has to effectively show the people that he possesses one or several characteristics of a hero. After reading the drama "A Man For All Seasons" by Robert Bolt, the main character Sir Thomas More, former Lord Chancellor of England, can be considered a hero as the historical background makes his actions very distinctive. As More was a person born in England at the time near the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Reformation in England. More was a nobleman, lawyer, humanist, writer, and he was also a long-time friend and favorite of the king in England that time, Henry VIII. More became the Lord Chancellor when Cardinal Wosley died in 1529. He is the one that nominates More to be the next Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. As England had a distinct social class system and was ruled by an absolute monarch during that time, it made More a person that was highly educated, well-known, and politically powerful. These are all the basic characteristics that a hero should have other than big muscles or fighting skills. The milieu and government system in England helped to shape More as a hero. Due to the fact that England is a Catholic country, most of the people in England are Roman Catholics, including King Henry VIII and More. In the drama, Chapuys was a diplomat who suggested that "More is a true son of the Church". More also attempted to serve two masters, Henry and God, but this is proven to be a failure because at the end of the play More can choose to serve his King keep his life and lose his soul, or serve God to keep his soul and lose his life.

polar bears :: essays research papers

Polar Bear, common name for a white bear found on the sea ice of the Arctic throughout the North Polar basin. The only marine bear, it is longer than other bears and streamlined for aquatic life. It has the plantigrade feet (heel and sole touching the ground) typical of bears, with five sharp, curved claws on each foot for grasping the ice and holding its prey. Long hair between the pads protects the bear's feet from the cold and provides traction on the ice. Stiff hairs on the forelegs, and very broad front feet, help the bear swim. All polar bears are white, although their fur may yellow in the summer. The largest wild bears ever weighed—more than 800 kg (1760 lb)—have been polar bears. However, most male polar bears weigh an average of about 350 kg (about 880 lb), and most females weigh about 250 kg (550 lb). Polar bears have a strong navigational sense, an extremely good sense of smell, and they are unusually clever at solving problems in order to obtain food. They eat primarily ringed seals, and occasionally bearded seals, walruses, or white whales. They also feed on berries, sedges, mussels, and kelp. As with other true bears, polar-bear mothers and young form strong bonds. The young are very small when born: about 1 kg (about 2 lb). Their eyes remain closed for about 40 days and they must nurse every few hours. The mother holds them close to keep them warm. Except during the breeding season, male polar bears are solitary and roam over vast expanses of sea ice while hunting. During the breeding season (May to June), the males fight furiously over females.

Adolescent Sexuality and Risk Factors Essay

Adolescence is that period between childhood and adulthood, when the adolescent is discovering his or her own identity and dealing with the transition. It is also a time of becoming more aware of sexuality and establishing patterns for future relationships. Those identifying as nonheterosexual i.e. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgender (LGBT), face even more challenges than their heterosexual counterparts. One challenge is their health. Russell and Consolacion (2003) conducted a study on the topic of romance and emotional health of adolescents. The authors concluded that youth who had same-sex attractions and who were not in relationships showed increased measures of anxiety and depression. They also had more suicidal ideation than heterosexual youth. The dangers of smoking are well researched and documented. Easton, Jackson, Mowery, Comeau and Sell (2008) in their study concluded that same-sex and bisexual youth are at greater risk for tobacco use. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) notes that increased stress level, mental health and other physical health problems are common among LGBT youth (CDC, 2011). Ray (2006) in a study of homelessness among LGBT youth notes that they face a number of problems in additional to being homeless. They are at increased risk of mental health issues, high risk sexual behaviour to support themselves, substance abuse and victimisation. Education is important and LGBT adolescents face challenges in this area. Many of them are likely to be runaways so their education suffers as they are absent from school for long periods. Himmelstein & Brà ¼ckner (2011) noted that these young people were also at risk for being more severely punished at school and in the justice system. They are also victims of violence and discrimination at school, often being bullied, teased and harassed (â€Å"LGBT bullying† n.d.). Counsellors working with adolescents who are LBGT must be sensitive to the feelings of uncertainty, rejection and fear that these young people are experiencing.

Free Essays on Napoleon Bonparte

NAPOLEON BONPARTE The most famous Frenchman in history - Napoleon Bonaparte wasn’t born a Frenchman. Napoleon was born at Ajaccio, Corsica on 15 August 1769. Napoleon’s parents Carlo Buonaparte and Litizia Ramalono Buonaparte were both of Corsican - Italian blood. When France ceded with Corsica Napoleons father entered the French aristocracy as a count. Napoleon was educated first at Brienne and then at the à ¨cole Militaire, in Paris. Napoleon graduated in 1785, age 16 and enlisted in the artillery as a second lieutenant. Napoleon became a lieutenant colonel in 1791 in the Corsican National Guard. Corsica declared its independence in 1793 and Bonaparte, a French patriot, fled to France with his family. In 1796 Napoleon was made commander of the army of Italy. In quick succession Napoleon achieved victories all over Europe. When Napoleon returned to France he was triumphant. He was only 28 years old and had become the greatest French general of all time. Bonaparte decided to leave his army in Italy and set his sights higher - Napoleon wanted to save France. Napoleon joined a conspiracy against the government and on November 10 he and his colleagues seized power and established their own government - The Consulate. Napoleon reformed all government, education and legislation, which proved he was a magnificent statesman and administrator. Napoleon proved a patriotic loyal Frenchman who wanted to improve life for his fellow French people. Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French in 1804 - he was now a great Frenchmen and heroic General and destined to become the greatest leader France had ever had. Napoleon introduced ‘The Continental System’ which forbade all European nations trading with France’s enemy Britain. In 1810 the Russians proclaimed they wouldn’t abide by this system and France retaliated by invaded Russia but ended up retreating to Paris. Europe now believed that France could be beaten... Free Essays on Napoleon Bonparte Free Essays on Napoleon Bonparte NAPOLEON BONPARTE The most famous Frenchman in history - Napoleon Bonaparte wasn’t born a Frenchman. Napoleon was born at Ajaccio, Corsica on 15 August 1769. Napoleon’s parents Carlo Buonaparte and Litizia Ramalono Buonaparte were both of Corsican - Italian blood. When France ceded with Corsica Napoleons father entered the French aristocracy as a count. Napoleon was educated first at Brienne and then at the à ¨cole Militaire, in Paris. Napoleon graduated in 1785, age 16 and enlisted in the artillery as a second lieutenant. Napoleon became a lieutenant colonel in 1791 in the Corsican National Guard. Corsica declared its independence in 1793 and Bonaparte, a French patriot, fled to France with his family. In 1796 Napoleon was made commander of the army of Italy. In quick succession Napoleon achieved victories all over Europe. When Napoleon returned to France he was triumphant. He was only 28 years old and had become the greatest French general of all time. Bonaparte decided to leave his army in Italy and set his sights higher - Napoleon wanted to save France. Napoleon joined a conspiracy against the government and on November 10 he and his colleagues seized power and established their own government - The Consulate. Napoleon reformed all government, education and legislation, which proved he was a magnificent statesman and administrator. Napoleon proved a patriotic loyal Frenchman who wanted to improve life for his fellow French people. Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French in 1804 - he was now a great Frenchmen and heroic General and destined to become the greatest leader France had ever had. Napoleon introduced ‘The Continental System’ which forbade all European nations trading with France’s enemy Britain. In 1810 the Russians proclaimed they wouldn’t abide by this system and France retaliated by invaded Russia but ended up retreating to Paris. Europe now believed that France could be beaten...

The Book Is Dead! Essay Example

The Book Is Dead! Essay Example The Book Is Dead! Essay The Book Is Dead! Essay Is this the death knell of one technology, that is Traditional Printing, and the subsequent rise of the next, Digital Media etc? Electronic books, or E-Books, are reportedly currently outselling traditional paper based books generally and newspaper circulation figures are in a long gradual decline. The standard Phone Book is already dead, as British Telecom no longer produce it in a printed format. Is print the place where words go to die? And yet last year the renowned online retailer Amazon announced that for the first time, it was selling more Kindle versions of books than paperback and hardbacks combined, and, here is something that does not get quoted quite so often, sales of print books were still increasing.[ CITATION Jen15 l 2057 ] Recent statistics seem to point to a decline in reading conventional books and other printed material and that technology is taking over in terms of encyclopaedias, dictionarys etc. In fact the renowned Oxford English Dictionary is now only available in print to special order, either in it’s full 20 volume set or as the compact single volume edition. The economics of traditional printing requires thousands of units to be sold in order to see a potential profit for the publishers. They are generally expensive to produce, take up a lot of space, they are not easily searchable, and they are not easily linkable. E-books and pdf ( Adobes Portable Document Format) versions of documents on the other hand are quite the opposite. They are generally very inexpensive to produce, usually in the few hundreds of pounds or less, they can be very quick to produce, and unlike traditional paper based books, they can be quickly searched through and items can be linked between one source and ano ther. In future will the printed book simply live on as art objects and as collectors items? Sherman young in his book entitled ‘The Book Is Dead : Long Live the Book’ states â€Å"that physical books may one day become the

Why Some Cells Commit Suicide

Why Some Cells Commit Suicide Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a naturally occurring process in the body. It involves a controlled sequence of steps in which cells signal self-termination, in other words, your cells commit suicide.   Apoptosis is a way for the  body to keep checks and balances on the natural  cell division  process of mitosis  or continued cell growth and regeneration. Why Cells Undergo Apoptosis There are several instances in which cells may need to self-destruct. In some situations, cells may need to be removed to ensure proper development. For example, as our brains develop, the body creates millions of more cells than it needs; the ones that do not form synaptic connections can undergo apoptosis so that the remaining cells can function well. Another example is the natural process of menstruation that involves the breakdown and removal of tissue from the uterus. Programmed cell death is necessary to start the process of menstruation. Cells may also become damaged or undergo some type of infection. One way to remove these cells without causing harm to other cells is for your body to initiate apoptosis.  Cells may recognize viruses  and gene mutations and can induce death to prevent the damage from spreading. What Happens During Apoptosis? Apoptosis is a complex process. During apoptosis, a cell triggers a process from within that will allow it to commit suicide. If a cell experiences some type of significant stress, such as DNA damage, then signals are released which cause mitochondria to release apoptosis-inducing proteins. As a result, the cell undergoes a reduction in size as its cellular components and organelles break down and condense. Bubble-shaped balls called blebs appear on the surface of the cell membrane. Once the cell shrinks, it breaks down into smaller fragments called apoptotic bodies and sends out distress signals to the body. These fragments are enclosed in membranes so as not to harm nearby cells. The distress signal is answered by vacuum cleaners known as macrophages. The macrophages clean away the shrunken cells, leaving no trace, so these cells have no chance to cause cellular damage or an inflammatory reaction. Apoptosis can also be triggered externally by chemical substances that bind to specific receptors on the cell surface. This is how white blood cells combat infection and activate apoptosis in infected cells. Apoptosis and Cancer Some types of cancers persist as a result of a cells inability to trigger apoptosis. Tumor viruses change cells by integrating their genetic material with the host cells DNA. Cancer cells are usually a permanent insertion in the genetic material. These viruses  can sometimes initiate the production of proteins that stop apoptosis from occurring. An example of this is seen with papilloma viruses, which have been linked with cervical cancer. Cancer cells that do not develop from viral infection can also produce substances that inhibit apoptosis and promote uncontrolled growth. Radiation and chemical therapies are used as a mode of therapy to induce apoptosis in some types of cancers.

Major Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Major Depression - Essay Example Cuijpers, Pim et al. cite major depression as the leading cause of disability in the world (137). Whereas antidepressant medication effectively corrects the imbalance in neurotransmitters, it only suppresses symptoms but does not cure and also has a varied range of side effects. Psychotherapy is a safe and efficacious approach to correct maladaptive thinking and unsatisfying behavior but is less effective than medication. Problem Major depression risks not just the health but the lives of millions of people around the world. As observed by the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, this disorder causes disability and even death if left untreated. A combination of environmental, biological and psychological factors contributes to the development of the disorder. Whatever specific cause could be linked to depression, Lam (12) observes that scientific research firmly considers major depression as a biological medical illness. There are three neurotransmitters associated with major de pression: dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. A chemical imbalance in these neurotransmitters results in major depression. ... Illnesses such as cancer and heart disease and some forms of medications also trigger episodes of major depression. A majority of major depression episodes occur spontaneously and not as a result of being triggered by physical illness, life crises or other risks. Its onset could be mild thus not obvious. Major depression causes persistently irritable or bad mood (DeRubels, Slegle and Hollon 789). Patients exhibit pronounced changes in appetite, energy and sleep with their interest or pleasure in activities they enjoyed slowly fading away. It makes remembering, concentrating and thinking difficult. The persistent symptoms such as chronic pain, digestive disorders and headaches fail to respond to treatment. Moreover, major depression causes a feeling of emptiness, hopelessness, worthlessness and guilt and promotes recurrent death or suicide thoughts (Lam 10). These effects, especially when occurring at the same time and for longer periods, interfere with normal functioning. There is st rong evidence to link major depression to biological and environmental factors. The higher prevalence of the disorder among women than men could be attributed to the psychosocial, biological, hormonal and life cycle factors that affect women more than men (Cuijpers, Pim et al. 138). Furthermore, the impact of hormones on the brain to control mood and emotions clearly points towards the biological causes of the disorder. For instance, women would be more likely to develop major depression after birth. Additionally, women facing more stress at work and home would be exposed to the disorder more than men. The medical condition associated with old age explains the biological cause of major

Risk Management Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management Overview - Essay Example A business may not be able to run without all these basic activities and it is also likely to collapse. Business risks are usually categorized into two groups; systematic and unsystematic business risks. Systematic risk is where the economy generally experiences a downfall due to natural calamities floods and drought, political instability, recessions, inflation or even fluctuation in currencies. Any business operating under the same economy is bound to fail or make more losses than profits (Akhter, 2010). Unsystematic risk is where a specific section of the economy or industry fails unlike systematic where it’s the overall market (Sensarma and Jayadev, 2009). The common way of counter attacking this is to employ diversification. Business risks are further categorized into strategic, compliance, financial and operational. Strategic is where there is new competition in the market, compliance is where a certain business is responding to new terms and regulations that have been n ewly put in place to run businesses. Additionally financial business risk is where for instance several customers are unable to pay back to the business and operational business risk is when for example there is burglary to the business (Akhter, 2010). The banking as an industry has risks associated with it. One of them is aggressive and almost philanthropic lending of loans to clients and selling the loans to other financial institutions and hoping to run entirely on the interest generated from it, usually with an aim of maximizing profit (Akhter, 2010). This becomes a risk when the economy collapses, experiences inflation or recession because with that, comes an automatic delay in loan servicing and sometimes the money given out looses its value with time because of currency fluctuation. Most banks are involved in lending. This involves a bank client giving a security pledge to a bank that they are able to pay back or service their loans fully. It is usually called collateral. It can be land, car or a house (Sensarma and Jayadev, 2009). In order to maximize their profit and returns, banks have increased their interest rates. This poses such a risk to the banking system because with increased interest rates comes with an exponential reduction in lending activities. This is because not so many clients are wiling or able to pay for a higher than normal interest rates, so they don’t take loans all the same. This creates a financial confusion which the bank has to solve lest it collapses completely (Devine, 2006). To solve this, banks have to lower their lending standards and attracting more clients by using new in the market methods. Liquidity risk is a type of risk that results from the unavailability of a proper market for an investment that cannot be sold fast enough in order to counter attack a foreseen loss (Akhter, 2010). Banks have severally taken houses or antiques as collateral from clients. When the clients are not able to service these loans on time the banks decide to sell these collateral. Antique is one of the hardest items to sell in the markets because not so many people know their value and there is never ready market for them (Breeden and Whisker, 2010). Many banks suffer loss before recovery before selling such products and may never sell it completely leading a major loss. Liquidity risk therefore leads to a situation where the banking institution is unable to meet it objectives or profit

SAM 451 UNIT 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 451 UNIT 5 - Assignment Example lso indicates that the cholera occurrences have also been directly hampering tourism in Cuba, which contributed around 2.5 billion to the US economy in 2011 (Orsi, â€Å"US issues advisory for Cuba over cholera cases†). As the report directly indicates the interrelation between cholera cases and tourism development of the Cuban economy, it can be referred as creative statistics. Another statistical report, published in the article titled, â€Å"ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready†, postulates increasing trend of high school graduate students deciphering their unwillingness to go to college. According to the latest survey, it was found that 31% of the students in the US are not ready to go to college, mainly owing to their educational lacunas of learning and applying at the college level. The article further reported that this decline in students’ willingness to go to college, may in future expand the gap between students’ perceptions and abilities with that of the projected job statistics (Elliott, â€Å"ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready†). Hence, imbalances in the US society might be caused owing to fluctuations in the job market, as a consequence of students’ unwillingness to pursue college level studies. This also addresses a creative field of economic development, and thus can be affirmed as a creative statistics illustration. Elliott, Philip. ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready. The Associated Press, 2013. Web. 24 May 2013.

Evaluate the evidence that Mass Extinctions are Periodic Term Paper

Evaluate the evidence that Mass Extinctions are Periodic - Term Paper Example Extinction is a reality. The research touches on extinction. The research delves on the the time period of extinction. Extinction is triggered by time period. Extinction is defined as the dying of huge numbers of animals within a short period of time. Under the Permian Triassic period, animal extinction occurred on some groups of animals. Under this period, the dying of huge group so animals is identified as â€Å"Great Dying†. The extinction occurred at 251 million years ago. The period is the middle period separating the Permian Period and the Triassic Geologic periods. The period is known as the most severe because there were more extinctions during the period, when compared to the extinctions that had occurred during the other time periods (www.sciencedialy.com). Another time period is the Mesozoic The Meozoic period falls within the Phanerozoic time period. The Mesozoic period is divided into 3 periods. The there periods are the Triassic period, the Jurassic Period, and t he Cretaceous period. http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/m/mesozoic.htm A third time period is the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic period is described as the geologic time scale. It is one of the four geologic time periods. The Paleozoic time period is composed of six distinct periods. The periods begin with the Cambrian period. Next, the Ordovician period crops up. Third, the Silurian period arrives. Fourth, the Devonian Period crops up. Next, the Carboniferous period creeps in. Last, the Permian period replaces the prior time period. The Paleozoic time period begins in 542 MYA to about 251 MYA. The Paleozoic period comes after the Precambrian Period. The Mesozoic Period replaces the Paleozoic time period. The Cenozoic Time Period is divided into four classic geological years. The first is the Paleoogene period. The second period is Neogene. The paleogene is divided into four periods. The first period is the Miocene period. The second period is the Pliocene Period. The third period is t he Pleistocene. The fourth time period is the Holocene. A fourth time period is the Cretaceous -Tertiary Extinction. The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the Geological timescale. The Cretaceous period starts at the end of the Jurassic period, estimated at 146 million years ago. The Jurassic time period (which the popular dinosaur movie, Jurassic Park, was based) covers the time period from 200 Million years ago and at the end of the Triassic time period to 146 million years ago. The article Mass Extinctions : Giant Fossils Are Revolutionizing Current Thinking states the extinctions occurred from 1 million years, after the biggest extinction of all time, the Permian -Triassic extinction, had been discovered by international team (Nutzel et al. 2010). The extinction can be described as the decline in the quantity of organisms during the same time period. The article clearly shows the different mass extinctions where biodiversity is reduced. Over the past 540 years, more than 19 mass extinctions have cropped up. The factors that triggered the mass extinctions are described as environmental conditions. For example, the change of the Ocean's oxygen level to a lower, uncomfortable conditions. Next, the change ocean's waters have become poisonous. In addition, the survival of the fittest principle forces the strong animals to wipe out the weak competitors for food. Consequently, the present supply chain is disrupted. For example, the gastropods or bivalves could not adapt to

Foucault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foucault - Essay Example This evolution of his theory can be traced from 1960's to 1980's and reveal a pattern of study of how power influences decision-making. In 1960's he uses terms like 'contestation' and 'transgression' and uses them interchangeably. In 1970's Foucault moved to 'struggle' and 'resistance' which are again synonymous. And finally in 1980's he used the term 'agonism'. All these terms used through a period of time defining his core focus on the play of resistance, and Foucault's conceptualization of power rather than strict references made to limits. (AMOUDI) Foucault's power-resistance relation is a dynamic analysis of the modern day world. The groundwork of the role of power being laid in the previous theories which evolved between 1960's and 1970's, the economics of power has been more rigorously presented in these theories. Michel Foucault goes further to give a definition of power relations in an essay published in 1982: 'The exercise of power is not simply a relationship between partners, individual or collective; it is a way in which certain actions modify others' Although the exercise of power may need violence or consent, these are not inherent to a power relation. Moreover, one of the consequences of this limit to power is that resistance is the sine qua non condition for power. Indeed, a power relation, is not an action which determines another action, but an action which influences an other action by determining a field of possibility for it. In this field of possibility, ways of resisting are by definition present. The second limit set to power relations, therefore, is fight. According to Foucault, the goal of a fight is either to force the opponent to abandon the game (hence a victory which dissolves the power relation) or to set up a new relation of power. In other words, there is circularity between power relations open to fight and a fight aiming at power relations. Therefore there is a constant instability in a power relationship which excludes by definition any form of determinism. By stressing the ontological link between power and resistance, Foucault invites us to understand his reading of the mechanisms of power h e highlights. Power is to be understood then as a form of power, which is perpetually confronted with potential (and some time actual) resistance. (AMOUDI) In his book Order of Things and Foucault Reader, he addresses the power of observation and the impact of it on the observed. He emphasizes that observing people and judging them requires a degree of conformity, which is less obvious and subsequently, according to Foucault more powerful because of its restrained state. This same impact is seen in Panopticism where Foucault shows a transition in prison systems from physical manipulation to implicit manipulation. This new form of control is implemented through a physical construction that creates the illusion of continual surveillance. This surveillance creates the impetus for self-control. It is the power of being observed which places the role of control on the subjects. People control themselves out of a desire not to be looked down upon - to control their own public reputations. Panopticism works in a similar way - by continual observation or the illusion of continual observation, people are expected to continually discipline thems elves so as to avoid being disciplined by an external source (Foucault & Rabinow) The power which is

Evaluate the evidence that Mass Extinctions are Periodic Term Paper

Evaluate the evidence that Mass Extinctions are Periodic - Term Paper Example Extinction is a reality. The research touches on extinction. The research delves on the the time period of extinction. Extinction is triggered by time period. Extinction is defined as the dying of huge numbers of animals within a short period of time. Under the Permian Triassic period, animal extinction occurred on some groups of animals. Under this period, the dying of huge group so animals is identified as â€Å"Great Dying†. The extinction occurred at 251 million years ago. The period is the middle period separating the Permian Period and the Triassic Geologic periods. The period is known as the most severe because there were more extinctions during the period, when compared to the extinctions that had occurred during the other time periods (www.sciencedialy.com). Another time period is the Mesozoic The Meozoic period falls within the Phanerozoic time period. The Mesozoic period is divided into 3 periods. The there periods are the Triassic period, the Jurassic Period, and t he Cretaceous period. http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/m/mesozoic.htm A third time period is the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic period is described as the geologic time scale. It is one of the four geologic time periods. The Paleozoic time period is composed of six distinct periods. The periods begin with the Cambrian period. Next, the Ordovician period crops up. Third, the Silurian period arrives. Fourth, the Devonian Period crops up. Next, the Carboniferous period creeps in. Last, the Permian period replaces the prior time period. The Paleozoic time period begins in 542 MYA to about 251 MYA. The Paleozoic period comes after the Precambrian Period. The Mesozoic Period replaces the Paleozoic time period. The Cenozoic Time Period is divided into four classic geological years. The first is the Paleoogene period. The second period is Neogene. The paleogene is divided into four periods. The first period is the Miocene period. The second period is the Pliocene Period. The third period is t he Pleistocene. The fourth time period is the Holocene. A fourth time period is the Cretaceous -Tertiary Extinction. The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the Geological timescale. The Cretaceous period starts at the end of the Jurassic period, estimated at 146 million years ago. The Jurassic time period (which the popular dinosaur movie, Jurassic Park, was based) covers the time period from 200 Million years ago and at the end of the Triassic time period to 146 million years ago. The article Mass Extinctions : Giant Fossils Are Revolutionizing Current Thinking states the extinctions occurred from 1 million years, after the biggest extinction of all time, the Permian -Triassic extinction, had been discovered by international team (Nutzel et al. 2010). The extinction can be described as the decline in the quantity of organisms during the same time period. The article clearly shows the different mass extinctions where biodiversity is reduced. Over the past 540 years, more than 19 mass extinctions have cropped up. The factors that triggered the mass extinctions are described as environmental conditions. For example, the change of the Ocean's oxygen level to a lower, uncomfortable conditions. Next, the change ocean's waters have become poisonous. In addition, the survival of the fittest principle forces the strong animals to wipe out the weak competitors for food. Consequently, the present supply chain is disrupted. For example, the gastropods or bivalves could not adapt to

The Scientific Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Scientific Method - Essay Example The message seemed to shift from â€Å"don’t drink alcohol† to â€Å"if you drink, drink in moderation†. More scientific study actually found that consuming some sorts of alcohol in moderation, such as one glass of wine per day, actually had healthy benefits for the heart. Now the message changed to â€Å"drinking certain types of alcohol in moderation can actually be good for you.† The most recent studies seem to now indicate that the consumption of alcohol is irrelevant to good heart health. The grapes provide the real benefit, not the alcohol; so drinking a small amount of grape juice can render the same beneficial effects as a glass of wine. These ever-changing messages we get about the consumption of alcohol and how it relates to human health is a good example of what science can and can not do. Following the scientific method is a great way to systematically answer scientific questions. But Science cannot provide the whole picture just from one exper iment. Multiple researchers and experiments need to be conducted to constantly add to our body of knowledge. Eventually, some things may become accepted as proof of one concept or another, but using the scientific method is no guarantee that causality or truth can be established.

Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay Example for Free

Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay I am writing to you, to express my opinion on the Declaration of Independence. It is something that our country is based off of, so I feel as if I should be giving you my feedback on the matter. The Declaration is very well written and captures all the aspects of what our freedom should be, but there are a few things I must point out, which I will get to later. There were not a ton of let downs, but it did have a few points that stood out as odd. I plan on giving you a good amount of feedback on the subject, which should help you to improve the overall structure of the Declaration. The Declaration of Independence is written in an odd format. Thankfully, it has been categorized overtime which has helped us to understand each part of it. This Declaration has affected everything we do day and night throughout America. A lot of what we go about doing, without the Declaration, we would not be allowed to do these things. Such as: voting rights, same wages between genders, etc.. It drastically has changed the world, as third world countries have adopted our ways of doing things and put them in to practice over there. Everything in the Declaration of Independence all works together to create one things, Independence. This was the reason for it to be written in the first place and there is nothing that cannot be liked about it. When reading it, I found myself agreeing with the majority of it. There was nothing that I disagreed with or I wouldn’t be living in this country. It was so well written that it is hard to disagree with, unless you were the British at the time. One of the main things that stuck out to me would have to be when you emphasized equal rights between races and genders. Overall, it is well written and straight to the point. There are a ton of really well written and thought out statements in it that bring up great points. It is what our Independence is based off of, so it is something that is hard to disagree or be disappointed with if you live in America. If you live outside of America, well you shouldn’t.

Chinese Values in Entrepreneurial Attitude

Chinese Values in Entrepreneurial Attitude Many countries have indicated successful entrepreneurship as a major component in a healthy market economy and important source of job creation (Hisrich Peter, 1988; Jackson Rodkey, 1994; Jennings, 1994; Kroon, 2002; North, 2002; Timmons, 1994; Van Aadrt Van Aardt, 1997). The presence of entrepreneurial thinking in existing organizations can lead the competitive advantage (Covin and Miles, 1990) and improved financial performance (Goosen, De Coning Smit, 2002) According to the research of Brock and Evans (1986) conclude that small businesses are contributed to the economic development. In Malaysia and many countries, small firms had played an important role for economic development. There has been minimal research conducted to examine why most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed are mostly Chinese owner-managers compared to Malay and Indian owner-managers. Several studies have revealed that Confucian culture has a significant and positive correlation with economic success. These cultural values have significantly influenced the Chinese way of life and personality (Wah, 2002). From the sociological point of view, the family is a basic unit of society for Chinese. In the Chinese Confucianism society, the family is the center of all relationships. Business ownership and management is normally retained within the circle of family members. It is common to find that the Chinese business is normally started by the first generation of the family with the intention to be passed down to the second generation or even third generation. Due to lack of research study on the reason in most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed are mostly Chinese owner-managers. This researches and studies give a way to have a depth understand about the Chinese Value towards Entrepreneurial Attitudes Orientation. 1.3 Research Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out the impact on Chinese value towards entrepreneurial attitudes orientation. To address the above mentioned problem the following objectives are derived: 1.3.1 General objective To identify how the four dimension of Chinese value (integration, human heartedness, Confucian work dynamism and moral discipline) determines the entrepreneurial attitudes orientation in Malaysia. 1.3.2 Specific objective To examine whether there is a significant relationship between integration and entrepreneurial attitude orientation. To examine whether there is a significant relationship between human heartedness and entrepreneurial attitude orientation. To examine whether there is a significant relationship between Confucian work dynamism and entrepreneurial attitude orientation. To examine whether there is a significant relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitude orientation. To examine whether the Integration, Human heartedness, Confucian work dynamism and Moral discipline is significant explain the variance in Entrepreneurial Attitudes Orientation. 1.4 Research questions Are there any relationship between integration and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation? Are there any relationship between human heartedness and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation? Are there any relationship between Confucian work dynamism and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation? Are there any relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation? Are there Integration, Human heartedness, Confucian work dynamism and Moral discipline can be use to explain the variance in Entrepreneurial Attitudes Orientation. 1.5 Hypothesis of the study H1 : There is a significant relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. H2 : There is a significant relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. H3 : There is a significant relationship between Human-heartedness and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. H4 : There is a significant relationship between Moral Discipline and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. H5 : The independent variables will significantly explain the variance in Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation. 1.6 Significance of the study Nowadays, the role of Chinese entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises has been increasing. Chinese are present in everywhere, businessman in international trade will often find themselves dealing with the Chinese customers. So, a comprehensive understanding of the Chinese value is worthy to all businessman. The importance of this study will explain the development and validation of the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO), based on Chinese Value Survey (CVS) and specifically designed to predict entrepreneurship. The (CVS) are used to access whether an impact towards the entrepreneurs attitude orientation. Despite the importance of small firms in Malaysias economy, there has been minimal research conducted to examine why most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed are mostly Chinese owner-managers as compared to other owner-managers. 1.7 Chapter Layout In this research report, chapter 1 is the introductions that provide an overview on the background of the phenomena that being study. In general, this chapter will provide a clear understanding of the research topic. It introduces the research background, research objectives and significant of study is to explain the importance of the study. Chapter 2 will be the literature review that proposed the theoretical background of the research topic. This could help the researcher to better understanding of the important variables in this research report. It serves as a fundamental of the hypothesis to be tested. Literature review is the based on the empirical research which done by previously by researcher who has studied existing work and the field with insight. Next, is the chapter 3 research methodology that describes the collection method that is suitable for this research report which included the research design, data collection method, sampling design, operational definition of construct measurement scale and the data analysis technique use. By implementing the appropriate sampling method could help to minimize the errors that associated with the research. Following, chapter 4 will present the pattern of the result and the analyses of the result which obtain from the descriptive analyses, reliability test and inferential analyses to examine the reliability and the relationship of the variables. Furthermore, the research result that shows the result of the data analysis figures, chart, table and graph are used to present the findings. The last chapter in this research report would be discussion and conclusion that provides discussion of major findings and recommendations for future research. It will provide a whole summary of the whole research project and limitations that researcher faced during the research process. 1.8 Conclusion Proposed of chapter 1 is act as a foundation for this research project. It form a brief outlines in each chapter presented the chapter. In the following chapter, the variables will be further discussed in depth and the proposed conceptual framework will be illustrated. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In previous chapter, research problem, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses of the study have been identified. In this chapter 2, provide a literature review which convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on this research topic and related with the research objectives. It contains the discussions and evaluation of the research topic in this section. Through reviewing the relevant journals, it provides the foundation to develop a good theoretical framework for the research. Besides that, it allows the research project lead to further identified relationship among the dependent variables and the independent variables and hypotheses testing in order to reach the research objectives. 2.1 Review of literature We will adopt attitude theoretical approach (Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Hunt, H.K.. 1991a) explaining the development of Chinese entrepreneurs behavior. This is a method of investing entrepreneurial orientated individual. Five important entrepreneurial attitudes were identified from literature, achievement, self-esteem, personal control, innovation and opportunity recognition. This instrument is called Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS). Besides, we will obtain Chinese Value Survey (CVS) to measure and evaluate cultural values within the setting of a Chinese social value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. In the CVS consideration is focussed on four dimensions such as Integration, human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline. 2.2 Review of Relevant Theoretical Model After read through the relevant journals, few theoretical models are being found related to the research regarding Chinese values (CV) and Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation (EAO). 2.2.1 Chinese Culture values and development According to Williams (1968), Rokeach (1973), Rokeach, (1973) and Ball-Rokeach (1989), values provide potentially powerful explanations and influence on human behaviors because they serve as the standards or criteria of conduct tend to be limited in number and are remarkably stable over time (as cited in Fok, V. S. Chong, V.K., 1996). Values establish and reflect expected behaviour and also used to enforce sanctions such as blame and praise as well as social inclusion and exclusion (Anderson, 2000). Based upon psycho-sociological studies on the significance of cultural values as determinants of human behavior, the two things are related to each other (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstede (1991, p.5) describe culture as the collective programming of the mind that differentiates one group from another group. In early, Hofstedes study suggests that his classic model view as a traditional quantitative design with four dimension of culture. There are power distance, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity-femininity. However, Hofstede added a fifth dimension named long term orientation in year 2001(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005). Hofstede and Bond (1988) derived that Confucian dynamism as one of the values that contribute to the economic growth in 22 countries during the period 1965 to 1985. Confucian values towards entrepreneurial development in Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan bring the name as four dragons at the same time they hold top five positions in economic growth. Mostly countries are within the Confucian influence circle and their economies have been driven to a large extent by entrepreneurship in the small and medium sized business sectors. Another model act as an improvement on Hofstede classic model (1980) is Schwartzs model (1994). It works out to replace Hofstedes dimension of Individualism by two dimensions (Autonomy versus Conversation and Hierarchy and Mastery at the cultural level). Furthermore, this model used to eliminate validity and reliability limitation on Hofstedes model as it has proved valid and reliable across cultures when research have taken Schwartzs theory and developed a different instrument. Later, Schwartzs SVS act as a measure instrument which comprises 57 values represent ten dimension at the individual level (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulating, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security) and seven dimension at the cultural level (embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism and harmony)(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005). Chinese cultural values are created from interpersonal relationships and social orientations. The works of Confucius is generally regarded as the pillars of Chinese cultural values Yang (1972). There are four major studies about Chinese value orientations and development of measuring scales. First study, Ways to Live Survey designed by Morris (1956) consisting of 13 alternative conceptions which included values advocated and defended in the several ethical and religious systems of human societies. Second study found that the younger generation showed a considerable change different from their parents who pursue on traditional practices, or be influence by friends and change across time. (Lin 1966). Continue study was Chinese Value Survey (CVS) developed by the Chinese Culture Connection (1987). It is an idiographic design which is recognized as more appropriate in cross cultural research and not based on Western social science but used 40-scale items which is the fundamental and basic values for Chinese people. Michael Bond and his colleagues conducted this research aim to develop a new questionnaire with the input from several Chinese social scientists in Hong Kong. CVS consist of four dimensions which are integration, Confucian work dynamism, human-heartedness and moral discipline respectively. This instrument that tapped concerns fundamental to the Chinese world view and identify an additional value indigenous to the Chinese people, which they termed Confucian work dynamism as the principle attributes reflect the teachings of Confucius and the social continuity of an extant civilization of over 2,500 years(as cited in Steven Ward, 2002). Latest study on Chinese values orientation was the Chinese Cultural Values Scale (CCVS) by Yau (1994). It is the only one scale developed for exploring the relationship between Chinese cultural values and consumer attitudes and behaviors. It is nothing related with entrepreneurial attitudes orientation. 2.2.2 Chinese Value (CV) Chinese Value is selected to be independent variables in this research. The Chinese Value Survey (referred to as the CVS) was developed by Bond and a group of research workers known collectively as the Chinese Culture Connection in response to their perceived need to measure and evaluate cultural values within the setting of a Chinese social value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. The Confucian ethos has tended towards the formation of a dedicated and motivated as well as educated population which manifests a responsible and enhanced sense of commitment to its ideals and institutions as well as to the identity and moral fiber of its organization with the resultant establishment of desirable outcomes (Chang et al., 1997). Values are enduring belief of desired end-state of existence or modes of behaviour (Kluckholn, 1951). In psychology, values are operationalized as the guiding principles of a persons behaviour (Schwarts Bilsky, 1990). The values measured by Bond and his colleagues remain universal in nature, but they also include some values which are uniquely Confucian (Hofstede, 1991). Examples are respect for tradition, humility, filial piety, and protecting ones face. This is not to say such values do not exist in Western culture, but rather their implied importance is not as great as in Eastern culture. The study used 40-scale items which were identical to those in the study so as to find out different culture dimensions in valuing (Ng, 1982). There are four dimensions of (CVS) such as Integration, Human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline. Integration dimension focuses upon social stability and can be characterized by having tolerance for others. Integration also places importance upon being trustworthy and enjoying a close friendship. It corresponds to Hofstedes power distance dimension which identifies the degree of power distance that is seen as appropriate between a superior and a subordinate. In the organizational context, it can be an indicator of the degree of centralization that is deemed appropriate. Secondly, human-heartedness dimension deals with an individuals level of social consciousness or awareness. It is a measure of ones compassion toward others. It is characterized by the need to be kind, forgiving and courteous. In the business setting, it may be viewed as presenting a contrast between the task-oriented and people-oriented styles of management. Human-heartedness also may be viewed as comparable to Hofstedes (1980) masculinity dimension. The third is the Confusion work dynamism, it reflects the teachings of Confucius that emphasize a social hierarchy or structure (Louie, 1980). It can be characterized by a respect for tradition with a strong desire to save face. It also implies a need to order relationships by status and to respect the order of that status. Confucian work dynamism fills a void in the content of Western instruments which, not too surprisingly, do not include Confucian values in their constructs (Hofstede Bond, 1988). Lastly, is the moral discipline. The focus of this dimension is upon keeping oneself under control in relation to others. It is characterized by the need to be moderate, prudent and adaptable. Following the high road is a part of moral discipline when compared with Hofstedes (1980) IBM research, three of the four CVS dimensions aligned closely with three of the four Hofstede dimensions (Hofstede Bond 1988). The four Hofstedes dimensions namely are 1), individualism 2), masculinity, 3) power distance, and 4) uncertainty avoidance. Although Hofstede did not specify the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial, his culture dimensions are useful in identifying the key elements of culture related to entrepreneurial orientation. All four indices were based on responses to questions framed by Western social scientists. 2.2.3 Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and Development The previous research has found that various personality and attitudinal constructs in the field of entrepreneurship. Lumpkin and Dess (1996) have defined Entrepreneurial attitude orientation (EAO) as the processes, practices, decision-making activities that lead to new entry. Furthermore, Hornaday and Aboud (1971) has mentioned EAO is a set of personal psychological traits, values, attributes and attitudes strongly associated with a motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activities. The six major schools of thought on entrepreneurship were discovered by Barton and Lischeron (1991). These are Great Person School, The Psychological Characteristics School, Classical School, Management School, The Leadership School, and Intrapreneurship School. Each of these schools of thought can be according to its interests in studying personal characteristics, opportunities, management or need for adapting an existing venture. The Psychological Characteristics School has focuses on personality factors and believes that entrepreneurs have unique values and attitudes toward work and life. Beside, Lachman (1980) has suggested that entrepreneurs can differentiate from non-entrepreneurs by personality characteristics such as the people who possess the characteristics entrepreneurs will have higher potential to perform entrepreneurial acts than those who do not possess such characteristics. Based on the three personalities characteristic to distinguish and recognize entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs. First, the personal values such as honesty, duty, responsibility, ethical behavior. Second, risk-taking propensity. Last, the need for achievement (as cited in Barton and Lischeron, 1991). With further empirical supports personality traits contribute to entrepreneurial attitude orientation from McClelland (1961) and Collins, Hanges Locke (2004) asserted that need for achievement is a strong entrepreneurial trait, and Gasse (1985) and Hansemark (2003) found that entrepreneurs often possess a greater internal locus of control than the general population. Brockhous (1982) identified three attributes consistently associated with entrepreneurial behavior are need for achievement, internal locus of control, and a risk-taking propensity. Krueger Brazeal, 1994; Erickson, 2002; Frazier Niehm, 2006 have suggested the higher self-efficacy is associated with entrepreneurship and business creation. (as cited in Harris, M. Gibson, S., 2009). However, there are also background factors, which relate to individual personality such as gender (Buttner Rosen, (1989) and education (Storey, 1982) which is also linked to the attitude to establish a business (as cited in Mohammad Shariff , M. N., Basir Saud, M. 2009). According to Ajzen Fishbein (1977), they agreed that the personality theories frequently loss its effectiveness in measuring entrepreneurial attitudes. There are still founded some limitations with lacked predictive validity in groups of entrepreneurship and non- entrepreneurship (Sexton and Bowman 1986). It means certain characteristics have differed on variety of characteristics which are supposed to be stable across time and situation according to personality theory. The possible reasons to explain the limitation are the instruments lack adequate reliability and validity and people are change across time or situation. In order to deal with the limitation on personality mode entrepreneur research works out attitude model to correct inadequacy of psychological models based on personality. Olson and Bosserman (1984), Gasse (1986), Sexton (1987) have found that attitude in conjunction with entrepreneurship. The concept of attitude is a dynamic interactive way of relating to the environment in conjunction with a specific person, place, thing, event, activity, idea or lifestyle. The dynamic nature of the concept implies that it changes across time and from situation to situation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991a). . Ajzen (1982), Rosenberg and Hovland (1960) Shaver (1987) has stated that attitude is the predisposition to respond in a generally favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to the object of the attitude. In addition, Allport (1935), Breckler (1983 and 1984), Carlson (1985), Kothandapani (1970) and others categorized attitude as the triparti te model consisting of three types of reaction to everything: affect, cognition, and conation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991b). The following research conducted by Robinson, P.B., Stimppson, D.V., Heufner, J.C. Hunt, K.N. (1991), they has adopted this attitudinal theoretical approach explaining the behavioral tendencies of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS) is one method of investigating entrepreneurial orientated individuals provide valid measurement based on attitude theory. Hence, this scale is used to distinguish entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs with the four important entrepreneurial attitudes included Achievement, Self-Esteem, Personal Control and Innovation. The four sub-scales described as Achievement in creating a business, Perceived self esteem as indication of self-evaluated competence in business affairs, Perception of personal control and influence over business incentives, and Innovation by acting upon business incentives. Each of the sub-scales is reported to be the product of the three theoretical attitudinal behavioural components of cognition (belief and th oughts), affection (positive or negative conviction) and conative Behaviour (intentions and actions). Furthermore, another model came out after the attitudinal approach called entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR) by Covin Slevin, (1989). Both of the researchers have gave more attention to incorporate specific situational factors related to the emotions, cognition, behaviourial action germane to a specific environmental stimulus instead of attitudinal measures. The literature has developed a study that an association of opportunity recognition with the concept of entrepreneurship (as cited in McCline, R.L., Bhat, S. Baj, P., 2000). 2.2.4 Entrepreneurs Attitude Orientation (EAO) Entrepreneurial attitude orientation (EAO) is the dependent variable in our research project. Bygrave and Hofer (1991, p.14) define an entrepreneur as . . . someone who perceives an opportunity and creates an organization to pursue it. In formulating national policy recommendations, entrepreneurship act as the creation of new independent businesses (Vesper, 1983, p.1). Founder of a new business and started the business before others also can applied as an entrepreneurs (Gartner, 1985). The term has been used to define a wide range of activities such as creation, founding, adapting, and managing a venture. Entrepreneurship is not only associated with the formation of new firms, but also with entrepreneurial action in the sense of starting something new (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999). Attitude is known as a part of personality that is supported by belief and is able to arouse emotions that investigate specific behaviors (Oppenheim, 2000). There are some research revealed that attitude is an important factor of an individual success in entrepreneurship. This is because a successful entrepreneurs is said to be influenced and stimulated by the individual own attitude. In this research, the attitude approach is the best way to explain the success of an entrepreneur because it links the individual and the ever-changing attitudinal object (Kuratko and Hodgetts 2004; Robinson et al. 1991a). Attitudes can therefore also be changed purposely to be more favorable towards entrepreneurship. Attitude does not appear as a single aspect, but is connected to other aspects of an individual (Oppenheim, 2000). According to Oppenheim, an individual has several extraordinary characteristics that portray his or her personality. Therefore, a person need a true and positive attitude to choose and participated to become successful entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005). Entrepreneurial attitude orientation is the studies of entrepreneurial personality characteristics. The work of Robinson, Stimpson, Huefner, and Hunt (1991) was one of the first to integrate an attitude scale to predict entrepreneurial activity. (Robinson et al., 1991b) adopted this theoretical approach to investigate entrepreneurial oriented individual by explaining the development of the behaviour. Robinson et al. (1991a) developed the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) model based on the four dimensions of achievement, innovation, personal control, and self esteem in business. The first dimension, need for achievement, is an important determining factor in choosing entrepreneurship as a career. The individual desire for appreciation corresponds to the needed motivation for becoming a successful entrepreneur is high (Davidson 1995; McClelland 1961; Moorman and Halloran 1993). The individual that possesses this need is said to be inclined in exploratory efforts and be able to become a very successful entrepreneur (McClelland, 1961). This is some characteristic such as, increases self-satisfaction, readiness in facing challenges, and the freedom to determine the amount of effort needed to succeed in the chosen field. The second dimension is internal locus of control. It is an individual attitude in handling his or her daily affairs influences his decisions and actions. Thus, ones internal locus of control is ones belief in ones ability to control ones future, self-confidence, commitment, and creativity, among many other things. Past research has down-played this attitude in determining individuals involvement level in entrepreneurship (Hisrich and Peters 1998). The characteristic of competitiveness is essential because it is able to provide confidence, commitment, and determination, thus enabling an individual to persevere with his or her choice of entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005) The third dimensions is innovative behaviour, it is commonly view as the key to continuous entrepreneurship (Johnson, 1994), and has been presented as the main criterion for entrepreneur activity (Schumpter, 1983: Miller and Friesen, 1982). According to (Carland, 1984) the entrepreneurial individual is characterized principally by innovative behaviour. Innovation activity includes creating new products, methods, markets or a new organization. It relates to perceiving and acting upon business activities in new and unique ways (Drucker 1985). The forth dimensions is self-esteem which is associated with feelings about oneself. It is an important construct of personality for researches because perceptions of others about self esteem may influence individuals outcomes (Strauss 2005). Perceived self-esteem in business is pertaining to the self-confidence and perceived competency of an individual in conjunction with his or her business affairs. Self-esteem is associated with feelings about oneself (Hogg and Cooper, 2003) and self-efficacy (as part of self-esteem) is defined as belief in capability to perform the task (Chen et al., 1998). Entrepreneurship literature has also found that persons who believe that their skill and ability set is adequate for achieving success with a new venture are motivated to exert the necessary effort (Douglas and Shepherd, 2000). The fifth dimension is known as opportunity recognition. Venkatraman (1997) noted that it is one thing to be aware that entrepreneurial opportunities exist, but a significantly different matter to know how to exploit these opportunities. There must be something quite unique about the entrepreneurial individual that gives him or her the propensities to gain economically in the midst of the change, chaos and confusion that tend to foster the emergence of entrepreneurs (Schumpeter, 1976; Stevenson, 1983). Opportunity recognition can known as perceiving possibility for new profit through the founding and formation of a new venture or significant impromevent of an existing venture (Christensen, Madsen Peterson, 1989). 2.3 Proposed Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework In this section, the interrelationship among each variable will be discussed: Theoretical Framework: Factors that affect the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Need for achievement Locus of control Innovation Self esteem Opportunity Recognition Chinese Value Integration Human heartedness Confucian work dynamism Moral discipline Figure 2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.3.1 Relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Integration is an index of the degree of tolerance, harmony and friendship a society endorses, at the expense of competitiveness, it has a broadly integrative, socially stabilizing emphasis (The Chinese Culture Connection, 1987). It has significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. Integration refers to the compatibility of decision making among various departments in the organization. It includes the use of interdepartmental committees for joint decision making, task forces which are temporary bodies set up to facilitate interdepartmental collaboration on a specific project and liaison personnel whose specific job is to coordinate the efforts of several departments for purposes of specific product (Miller Danny, 1983). Integration assumes importance as in large firms there is a need for a coordinated effort to remain focused in pursuit of objectives of the firm. 2.3.2 Relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Confucian dynamism is having a significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. The c

The Flat Tax Essay -- Economics

The Flat Tax The â€Å"consumption tax† as a replacement for the income tax is at least a subject of noteworthy question and debate. It seems as though, the means in relation to the ends are not always justifiable, but when approached properly, can benefit all. To answer the question of whether a consumption tax should be applied, I examined both my morals and my ideas of capitalism and free enterprise in relation to democracy. Is it fair to establish a tax that rewards the already wealthy and pose a threat to the already shaky financial standing of the poor? No; but a system that rewards success is important. So what is the solution? As an American, I am infused with the spirit of capitalism. While this is a wonderful thing, we must carefully draw the line between the tendency of capitalism towards over individualism and over extended tax burden. The burden to which I refer is of course, largely progressive taxes. With a tax system that is overly progressive (such as the present law system) we risk removing the incentive to invest in America’s companies and also remove money from the pockets of would be employers. As I examine the opposing idea of a regressive tax system, with which I am equally at odds, I find it to be morally repugnant to punish the poor simply for their lower economic standing. With the notion that income tax is going to tend towards the progressive side in the U.S., I feel that repealing such a liability may be beneficial for the Americ...

Bullying Essay

The issue of bullying may seem like something that should not be taken seriously, and it is quite often something we are all likely to neglect. If you place yourself in the shoes of the victim, the issue is in fact not a joke, but extremely serious. I think that there should be consequences for bullies because they should not be able to get away with hurting other children. Simply yelling at a kid for bullying another will not do anything to change the bully’s mind at all. Getting detention or in school suspension seems to not fix the problem of bullying. They will keep bullying and continue to create more problems for the victim. Bullying is a serious issue in today’s society. Over 3.2 million students are victims of bullying each year and approximately 160,000 of those students skip school every day because of it. Most bullying takes place in school and 1 in 4 teachers see nothing wrong with bullying and will only interfere 4 percent of the time. Teacher’s that witness bullying and don’t do one thing about it is a huge problem because then the bullies don’t learn that the bullying is wrong. In my opinion, other than yelling at a kid for bullying, there should be more consequences that the bully should face. I would suggest the following consequences be put in place. First offense would be in school suspension. Second offense would be in school suspension and counseling. I think this would be effective because maybe kids will now see repercussions for their actions. I think it would be a better idea to have more consequences for the bully because it will give them the opportunity to look at the situation in the eyes of the person that they hurt. There are many benefits to punishing a bully. One benefit is the bully is aware that they are targeting someone in an unfair way. Being aware is one of the first steps to changing your bad behavior. Another benefit is the victim can be more comfortable going to school and can rest a sure that the bullying will stop, otherwise there will be further consequences. This will not only be beneficial to the victims in the school, but also to the authority figures because they will no longer be a problem. Disciplining a bully will result in multiple benefits. Most do not think much of bullying but in reality it is a widespread problem. Being personally targeted by others whether in school or out of school can tend to have a negative effect upon the victim, and may not always have a great turnout. I think that there should be more consequences for a bully’s actions.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 7

18 Raych sat in the anteroom of a public building in Dahl into which he had never ventured-never could have ventured-as a ragamuffin youth. He felt, in all truth, a little uneasy about it now, as though he were trespassing. He tried to look calm, trustworthy, lovable. Dad had told him that this was a quality he carried around with him, but he had never been conscious of it. If it came about naturally, he would probably spoil it by trying too hard to seem to be what he really was. He tried relaxing while keeping an eye on the official who was manipulating a computer at the desk. The official was not a Dahlite. He was, in fact, Gambol Deen Namarti, who had been with Joranum at the meeting with Dad that Raych had attended. Every once in a while, Namarti would look up from his desk and glance at Raych with a hostile glare. This Namarti wasn't buying Raych's lovability. Raych could see that. Raych did not try to meet Namarti's hostility with a friendly smile. It would have seemed too artificial. He simply waited. He had gotten this far. If Joranum arrived, as he was expected to, Raych would have a chance to speak to him. Joranum did arrive, sweeping in, smiling his public smile of warmth and confidence. Namarti's hand came up and Joranum stopped. They spoke together in low voices while Raych watched intently and tried in vain to seem as if he wasn't. It seemed plain to Raych that Namarti was arguing against the meeting and Raych bridled a bit at that. Then Joranum looked at Raych, smiled, and pushed Namarti to one side. It occurred to Raych that, while Namarti was the brains of the team, it was Joranum who clearly had the charisma. Joranum strode toward him and held out a plump, slightly moist hand. â€Å"Well well. Professor Seldon's young man. How are you?† â€Å"Fine, thank you, sir.† â€Å"You had some trouble getting here, I understand.† â€Å"Not too much, sir.† â€Å"And you've come with a message from your father, I trust. I hope he is reconsidering his decision and has decided to join me in my great crusade.† â€Å"I don't think so, sir.† Joranum frowned slightly. â€Å"Are you here without his knowledge?† â€Å"No, sir. He sent me.† â€Å"I see. Are you hungry, lad?† â€Å"Not at the moment, sir.† â€Å"Then would you mind if I eat? I don't get much time for the ordinary amenities of life,† he said, smiling broadly. â€Å"It's all right with me, sir.† Together, they moved to a table and sat down. Joranum unwrapped a sandwich and took a bite. His voice slightly muffled, he said, â€Å"And why did he send you, son?† Raych shrugged. â€Å"I think he thought I might find out something about you that he could use against you. He's heart and soul with First Minister Demerzel.† â€Å"And you're not?† â€Å"No, sir. I'm a Dahlite.† â€Å"I know you are, Mr. Seldon, but what does that mean?† â€Å"It means I'm oppressed, so I'm on your side and I want to help you. Of course, I wouldn't want my father to know.† â€Å"There's no reason he should know. How do you propose to help me?† He glanced quickly at Namarti, who was leaning against his desk, listening, with his arms folded and his expression lowering. â€Å"Do you know anything about psychohistory?† â€Å"No, sir. My father don't talk to me about that-and if he did, I wouldn't get it. I don't think he's getting anywhere with that stuff.† â€Å"Are you sure?† â€Å"Sure I'm sure. There's a guy there, Yugo Amaryl, also a Dahlite, who talks about it sometimes. I'm sure nothing is happening.† â€Å"Ah! And can I see Yugo Amaryl sometime, do you suppose?† â€Å"I don't think so. He ain't much for Demerzel, but he's all for my father. He wouldn't cross him.† â€Å"But you would?† Raych looked unhappy and he muttered stubbornly, â€Å"I'm a Dahlite.† Joranum cleared his throat. â€Å"Then let me ask you again. How do you propose to help me, young man?† â€Å"I've got something to tell you that maybe you won't believe.† â€Å"Indeed? Try me. If I don't believe it, I will tell you so.† â€Å"It's about First Minister Eto Demerzel.† â€Å"Well?† Raych looked around uneasily. â€Å"Can anyone hear me?† â€Å"Just Namarti and myself.† â€Å"All right, then listen. This guy Demerzel ain't a guy. He's a robot.† â€Å"What!† exploded Joranum. Raych felt moved to explain. â€Å"A robot is a mechanical man, sir. He ain't human. He's a machine.† Namarti broke out passionately, â€Å"Jo-Jo, don't believe that. It's ridiculous.† But Joranum held up an admonitory hand. His eyes were gleaming. â€Å"Why do you say that?† â€Å"My father was in Mycogen once. He told me all about it. In Mycogen they talk about robots a lot.† â€Å"Yes, I know. At least, I have heard so.† â€Å"The Mycogenians believe that robots were once very common among their ancestors, but they were wiped out.† Namarti's eyes narrowed. â€Å"But what makes you think that Demerzel is a robot? From what little I have heard of these fantasies, robots are made out of metal, aren't they?† â€Å"That's so,† said Raych earnestly. â€Å"But what I heard is that there were a few robots that look just like human beings and they live forever-â€Å" Namarti shook his head violently. â€Å"Legends! Ridiculous legends! JoJo, why are we listening-â€Å" But Joranum cut him off quickly. â€Å"No, G.D. I want to listen. I've heard these legends, too.† â€Å"But it's nonsense, Jo-Jo.† â€Å"Don't be in such a rush to say ‘nonsense.' And even if it were, people live and die by nonsense. It's not what is so much as what people think is. Tell me, young man, putting legends to one side, what makes you think Demerzel is a robot? Let's suppose that robots exist. What is it, then, about Demerzel that makes you say he is a robot? Did he tell you so?† â€Å"No, sir,† said Raych. â€Å"Did your father tell you so?† asked Joranum. â€Å"No, sir. It's just my own idea, but I'm sure of it.† â€Å"Why? What makes you so sure?† â€Å"It's just something about him. He doesn't change. He doesn't get older. He doesn't show emotions. Something about him looks like he's made of metal.† Joranum sat back in his chair and looked at Raych for an extended time. It was almost possible to hear his thoughts buzzing. Finally he said, â€Å"Suppose he is a robot, young man. Why should you care? Does it matter to you?† â€Å"Of course it matters to me,† said Raych. â€Å"I'm a human being. I don't want no robot in charge of running the Empire.† Joranum turned to Namarti with a gesture of eager approval. â€Å"Do you hear that, G.D.? ‘I'm a human being. I don't want no robot in charge of running the Empire.' Put him on holovision and have him say it. Have him repeat it over and over till it's drummed into every person on Trantor-â€Å" â€Å"Hey,† said Raych, finally catching his breath. â€Å"I can't say that on holovision. I can't let my father find out-â€Å" â€Å"No, of course not,† said Joranum quickly. â€Å"We couldn't allow that. We'll just use the words. We'll find some other Dahlite. Someone from each of the sectors, each in his own dialect, but always the same message: ‘I don't want no robot in charge of running the Empire.'† Namarti said, â€Å"And what happens when Demerzel proves he's not a robot?† â€Å"Really,† said Joranum. â€Å"How will he do that? It would be impossible for him to do so. Psychologically impossible. What? The great Demerzel, the power behind the throne, the man who has twitched the strings attached to Cleon I all these years and those attached to Cleon's father before him? Will he climb down now and whine to the public that he is, too, a human being? That would be almost as destructive to him as being a robot. G.D., we have the villain in a no-win situation and we owe it all to this fine young man here.† Raych flushed. Joranum said, â€Å"Raych is your name, isn't it? Once our party is in a position to do so, we won't forget. Dahl will be treated well and you will have a good position with us. You're going to be Dahl's sector leader someday, Raych, and you're not going to regret you've done this. Are you, now?† â€Å"Not on your life,† said Raych fervently. â€Å"In that case, we'll see that you get back to your father. You let him know that we intend him no harm, that we value him greatly. You can tell him you found that out in any way you please. And if you find anything else you think we might be able to use-about psychohistory, in particular, you let us know.† â€Å"You bet. But do you mean it when you say you'll see to it that Dahl gets some breaks?† â€Å"Absolutely. Equality of sectors, my boy. Equality of worlds. We'll have a new Empire with all the old villainies of privilege and inequality wiped out.† And Raych nodded his head vigorously. â€Å"That's what I want.† 19 Cleon, Emperor of the Galaxy, was walking hurriedly through the arcade that led from his private quarters in the Small Palace to the offices of the rather tremendous staff that lived in the various annexes of the Imperial Palace, which served as the nerve center of the Empire. Several of his personal attaches walked after him, with looks of the deepest concern on their faces. The Emperor did not walk to others. He summoned them and they came to him. If he did walk, he never showed signs of haste or emotional trauma. How could he? He was the Emperor and, as such, far more a symbol of all the worlds than a human being. Yet now he seemed to be a human being. He motioned everyone aside with an impatient wave of his right hand. In his left hand he held a gleaming hologram. â€Å"The First Minister,† he said in an almost strangled voice, not at all like the carefully cultivated tones he had painstakingly assumed along with the throne. â€Å"Where is he?† And all the high functionaries who were in his way fumbled and gasped and found it impossible to manage coherence. He brushed past them angrily, making them all feel, undoubtedly, as though they were living through a waking nightmare. Finally he burst into Demerzel's private office, panting slightly, and shouted-literally shouted- â€Å"Demerzel!† Demerzel looked up with a trace of surprise and rose smoothly to his feet, for one did not sit in the presence of the Emperor unless specifically invited to. â€Å"Sire?† he said. And the Emperor slammed the hologram down on Demerzel's desk and said, â€Å"What is this? Will you tell me that?† Demerzel looked at what the Emperor had given him. It was a beautiful hologram, sharp and alive. One could almost hear the little boy-perhaps ten years old-speaking the words that were included in the caption: â€Å"I don't want no robot in charge of running the Empire.† Demerzel said quietly, â€Å"Sire, I have received this, too.† â€Å"And who else has?† â€Å"I am under the impression, Sire, that it is a flier that is being widely spread over Trantor.† â€Å"Yes, and do you see the person at whom that brat is looking?† He tapped his Imperial forefinger at it. â€Å"Isn't that you?† â€Å"The resemblance is striking, Sire.† â€Å"Am I wrong in supposing that the whole intent of this flier, as you call it, is to accuse you of being a robot?† â€Å"That does seem to be its intention, Sire.† â€Å"And stop me if I'm wrong, but aren't robots the legendary mechanical human beings one finds in-in thrillers and children's stories?† â€Å"The Mycogenians have it as an article of faith, Sire, that robots-â€Å" â€Å"I'm not interested in the Mycogenians and their articles of faith. Why are they accusing you of being a robot?† â€Å"Merely a metaphorical point, I'm sure, Sire. They wish to portray me as a man of no heart, whose views are the conscienceless calculations of a machine.† â€Å"That's too subtle, Demerzel. I'm no fool.† He tapped the hologram again. â€Å"They're trying to make people believe you are really a robot.† â€Å"We can scarcely prevent it, Sire, if people choose to believe that.† â€Å"We cannot afford it. It detracts from the dignity of your office. Worse than that, it detracts from the dignity of the Emperor, The implication is that I-I would choose as my First Minister a mechanical man. That is impossible to endure. See here, Demerzel, aren't there laws that forbid the denigration of public officers of the Empire?† â€Å"Yes, there are-and quite severe ones, Sire, dating back to the great Law Codes of Aburamis.† â€Å"And to denigrate the Emperor himself is a capital offense, is it not?† â€Å"Death is the punishment, Sire. Yes.† â€Å"Well, this not only denigrates you, it denigrates me-and whoever did it should be executed forthwith. It was this Joranum, of course, who is behind it.† â€Å"Undoubtedly. Sire, but proving it might be rather difficult.† â€Å"Nonsense! I have proof enough! I want an execution.† â€Å"The trouble is, Sire, that the laws of denigration are virtually never enforced. Not in this century, certainly.† â€Å"And that is why society is becoming so unstable and the Empire is being shaken to its roots. The laws are still in the books, so enforce them.† Demerzel said, â€Å"Consider, Sire, if that would be wise. It would make you appear to be a tyrant and a despot. Your rule has been a most successful one through kindness and mildness-â€Å" â€Å"Yes and see where that got me. Let's have them fear me for a change, rather than love me-in this fashion.† â€Å"I strongly recommend that you not do so, Sire. It may be the spark that will start a rebellion.† â€Å"What would you do, then? Go before the people and say, ‘Look at me. I am no robot.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ â€Å"No, Sire, for as you say that would destroy my dignity and, worse yet, yours.† â€Å"Then?† â€Å"I am not certain, Sire. I have not yet thought it through.† â€Å"Not yet thought it through? Get in touch with Seldon.† â€Å"Sire?† â€Å"What is so difficult to understand about my order? Get in touch with Seldon!† â€Å"You wish me to summon him to the Palace, Sire?† â€Å"No, there's no time for that. I presume you can set up a sealed communication line between us that cannot be tapped.† â€Å"Certainly, Sire.† â€Å"Then do so. Now!† 20 Seldon lacked Demerzel's self-possession, being, as he was, only flesh and blood. The summons to his office and the sudden faint glow and tingle of the scrambler field was indication enough that something unusual was taking place. He had spoken by sealed lines before but never to the full extent of Imperial security. He expected some government official to clear the way for Demerzel himself. Considering the slowly mounting tumult of the robot flier, he could expect nothing less. But he did not expect anything more, either, and when the image of the Emperor himself, with the faint glitter of the scramble field outlining him, stepped into his office (so to speak), Seldon fell back in his seat, mouth wide open, and could make only ineffectual attempts to rise. Cleon motioned him impatiently to keep his seat. â€Å"You must know what's going on, Seldon.† â€Å"Do you mean about the robot flier, Sire?† â€Å"That's exactly what I mean. What's to be done?† Seldon, despite the permission to remain seated, finally rose. â€Å"There's more, Sire. Joranum is organizing rallies all over Trantor on the robot issue. At least, that's what I hear on the newscasts.† â€Å"It hasn't reached me yet. Of course not. Why should the Emperor know what is going on?† â€Å"It is not for the Emperor to be concerned, Sire. I'm sure that the First Minister-â€Å" â€Å"The First Minister will do nothing, not even keep me informed. I turn to you and your psychohistory. Tell me what to do. â€Å" â€Å"Sire?† â€Å"I'm not going to play your game, Seldon. You've been working on psychohistory for eight years. The First Minister tells me I must not take legal action against Joranum. What, then, do I do?† Seldon stuttered. â€Å"S-sire! Nothing!† â€Å"You have nothing to tell me?† â€Å"No, Sire. That is not what I mean. I mean you must do nothing. Nothing! The First Minister is quite right if he tells you that you must not take legal action. It will make things worse.† â€Å"Very well. What will make things better?† â€Å"For you to do nothing. For the First Minister to do nothing. For the government to allow Joranum to do just as he pleases.† â€Å"How will that help?† And Seldon said, trying to suppress the note of desperation in his voice, â€Å"That will soon be seen.† The Emperor seemed to deflate suddenly, as though all the anger and indignation had been drawn out of him. He said, â€Å"Ah! I understand! You have the situation well in hand!† â€Å"Sire! I have not said that-â€Å" â€Å"You need not say. I have heard enough. You have the situation well in hand, but I want results. I still have the Imperial Guard and the armed forces. They will be loyal and, if it comes to actual disorders, I will not hesitate. But I will give you your chance first.† His image flashed out and Seldon sat there, simply staring at the empty space where the image had been. Ever since the first unhappy moment when he had mentioned psychohistory at the Decennial Convention eight years before, he had had to face the fact that he didn't have what he had incautiously talked about. All he had was the wild ghost of some thoughts-and what Yugo Amaryl called intuition.